Learn Japanese Grammar: Part 12

1. ~かける / ~かけの
(~ Kakeru/ ~ kake no)
Meaning: “halfway done”, ” in the middle of doing”, or “unfinished”.
Structure:
Verb stem + かける
Verb stem + かけの + noun
Examples:
この本は読みかけだ。
(このほんは よみかけだ)
This book is half-read.
食べかけのケーキを冷蔵庫に入れた。
(たべかけの ケーキを れいぞうこに いれた)
I put the half-eaten cake in the fridge.
Usage Tips:
Used when an action was started but not completed.
Often implies a feeling of being left unfinished or interrupted.
~かける is used with verbs.
~かけの + noun is used to describe a noun.
2. ~ぬ
(~Nu)
Meaning: Classical/formal/literary negative form of a verb.
Equivalent to 〜ない in modern Japanese.
Structure: Verb stem + ぬ
Examples:
努力を惜しまずに続けた。
(どりょくを おしまぬに つづけた)
Continued without sparing effort.
我、道を誤らぬ。
(われ、みちを あやまらぬ)
I shall not stray from the path.
Usage Tips:
– Mostly used in literature, song lyrics, and speeches.
– しぬ (to die) is not related; it’s a different verb altogether.
3. ~たところで
(~Ta tokoro de)
Meaning: Even if / Even though (futility)
Structure: Verb (past) + ところで
Examples:
今さら謝ったところで、許されないよ。
(いまさら あやまったところで、ゆるされないよ)
Even if you apologize now, you won’t be forgiven.
急いだところで、もう間に合わない。
(いそいだところで、もう まにあわない)
Even if we hurry, we won’t make it in time.
Usage tips:
– Used to show that no matter what is done, the result won’t change.
– Often paired with a negative result or expression of futility.
4. ~にしたら / ~にすれば
(~ Ni shitara/ ~ ni sureba)
Meaning: From the point of view of / If I were ~
Structure: Noun + にしたら / にすれば
Examples:
親にしたら、子供の安全が一番大切だ。
(おやにしたら、こどもの あんぜんが いちばん たいせつだ)
For parents, children’s safety is the most important.
学生にすれば、この規則は厳しすぎる。
(がくせいにすれば、この きそくは きびしすぎる)
From a student’s point of view, this rule is too strict.
Usage tips:
– Used to express consideration of someone else’s viewpoint.
– Often used with people, e.g., 子供、先生、親など。
5. ~か~ないかのうちに
(~ Ka ~ nai ka no uchi ni)
Meaning: As soon as / Hardly had ~ when ~
Structure:
Verb (dictionary) + か + Verb (ない-form) + かのうちに.
Examples:
チャイムが鳴るか鳴らないかのうちに、先生が教室に入ってきた。
(チャイムが なるか ならないかのうちに、せんせいが きょうしつに はいってきた)
Just as the bell rang, the teacher entered the classroom.
雨が降り出すか降り出さないかのうちに、雷が鳴り始めた。
(あめが ふりだすか ふりださないかのうちに、かみなりが なりはじめた)
As soon as it started raining, thunder began to rumble.
Usage tips:
– Shows that two actions happened almost simultaneously.
– Often used with verbs like 始まる、終わる、着く、出る。
6. ~もの / ~もん
( ~Mono/ ~ mon)
Meaning: because / justification (casual)
Structure:
Plain form of verb/adjective + もの/ もん
Examples:
行きたくないんだもん。
(いきたくないんだもん)
I just don’t want to go.
だって、疲れたんだもの。
(だって、つかれたんだもの)
Because I’m tired, that’s why.
Usage tips:
– もの is often used by women and children.
– もん is even more casual.
– Used to explain reasons, often with emotional tone.
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